Aztec Empire. Episode Two. Harnessed Thunder.
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Epi5Dde Turn: Harnessed Thunder Paul Buinan 5tnry - Layouts - Coloring - Lettaring Dauid Hahn Pencils - Inks Rnina Bennett Producer - Editor Thanhs To maya glyph consuITanT nionso Zamora. Ongoing daap Thanhs To our many supporTars in mEhioo, auThors, arTisTs, archiuisTs, and acTiuisTs. i HarmdSds humands!
Buluc Chabtan, give us -strength to repel the-se invader-s! Ble-s«ed Mother, protect us from harm by the-se heathens! War crie-s and wounded -scream-s merge in the cacophony of battle Aztec Empire 11
(bet all our men behind the barricade _ Keep the archers \ -shooting! Their metal ■swords and armor are astounding! Our river -squads are overrun! j\ \ J 1 12 Aztec Empire
Look« like «ome kind of blowgun. 1 ^____ Like one« we u«e to hunt bird«. thing« «hoot «eed« or clay pellet«. Brace your«elve«» we're about to find out! Aztec Empire 13
They've... harne-s«ed thunder in their weapon«! Mu-st be too t •stupid-or too : stubborn. . I'd thought they'd -scatter in fear. Nacom, we can't > defensive line to the -second barricade. take thi-s battering for long! Pur-sue them! They're retreating! A-s they approach the -second barricade» we'll turn back on them. While they pre-s-s forward» our -arrior-s will flank the barricade and attack the enemy from each -side.
C'mon, pick up your pace-you he tne cannons! This terrain is in-sufferable! We must join our fellow Castilians in battle! No wonder they only posted a few guards. James ^ the Great! 6aint James! You men will reinforce the second barricade-wait, what's that? Where were our lookouts? An attack from the rear!
Kill their commander! This barricade is holding, at least until they bring their blowguns closer. Enemy attacking in force at the ot side of town! We won't give them M the chance-nere come reinforcements. aV Uh» we can take warriors from-* Abandon the town-regroup at Cintla. __ mm WHAT? They've outflanked Blind me for not seeing! Y\\ . n» \\ ■! 1 -/l - - \ | Æm '^r~-rîtz Archers—cover our retreat! HAH! Here come the rest of our men Run» you savages! Aztec Empire
HALT! We've taken the town-now let'-s -secure our position. They're not following us! Search the houses for ^ gold! ‘‘-r, Bring it all \ to the center of town. ■/! Illllil.ll/ \m. ^ »v^\\vv M w\\v your« Ives My regards to Satan» you heathen. Avila! Leave a couple of the wounded alive for questioning. Aztec Empire Captain Cortes, your shoe, sir! Tintorero!
It Hernando Cortes, hereby take possession of ihi-s town for the crown of Castile» in the name and behalf of the Catholic sovereign King Charles, and would maintain and protect the same a- against all who should gainsay it! ^ Listen, you men-you convenors Gather around and bear witness! If any person should raise an objection, I will defend the King's r with my sword and buckler! Who will aid me against any challengers? Maya commander doesn't understand the words, but their meaning is clear.
Thank« for the -suggestion» Diaz. Cutting that tree added flair to the ceremony. I took an arrow to the thigh. HI be fine. the Governor by putting himself under the King's protection. Cortes has studied law--he'« a k slippery fish. He d-didn't even mention Governor Velasquez in the d-declaration. Whose expedition is this? We had many such injuries today» but no fatalities—right, Alvarado? Captain PiegD Ordaz Captain Francisco MoHa I financed m-my own ship, -sixty men, sup-plies. I'm not risking that investment on an upstart's p-power grab Once we're done clearing bodies out of the main sc^ua we can set up tents there And we can H use these apartments to billet the men. Good plan. Bring our servants from the ships and have them make camp. The men aren't gonna like that. Roldanillo Gandoval, land the horses. They'll have a glorious day tomorrow. Motilla They've been harnessed aboard ship too long. They'll need a day to adjust. 6orry, Captain, the horses can't be taken into battle tomorrow. Aztec Empire
I cannot -speculate \ Cintfa, 6km southwest One thing's for sure: Their weapons are more powerful than ours. Yet there was ^ no consequence for his desecration! . 11'' ''it I ' I can only try to exact a mortal's retribution. on such things of Poionchan. What powers ^ I, protect them? J ^ Their leader Äd three cuts s sword into the Pillar of the it World. . I They have four huge metal I take responsibility for this defeat. I didn't anticipate their tactics. Give yourself some credit~for not thinking like a bandit! We might have withstood their weapons, if they hadn't also attacked from behind. blowguns, which fire stones that shatter tree trunks! As to their No. That is dishonorable He saus their numbers can be whittled down by repeated attacks-during night as well as day. Attack while they sleep? we have This is one of ^ rmani the Maya who were kidnapped two years ago i/uU'. ~ by these strangers. thin kin; an in He escaped from the invaders this evening. He tells us there are only 600 of these men, with no special powers beyond ^ their weapons. F"\ il j if II 1 l 1 * IL Vsi 0 ill Sorry, my lord, they won't be positioned for battle until the We can lure the invaders onto the Cintla fields, where our combined armies can encircle them. We have three regiments-it will be a decisive blow. day after N tomorrow ^ Campeche regiment Our superior numbers will defeat them-in daylight, on a field of battle. Tabasco regiment \\ i » t Aztec Empire Then we'd better hope our enemy doesn't take advantage before we're ready.
AZTBC BMPIRB NOTES FOR EPISODE TWO PAGE ELEVEN The Maya and Aztec used -similar swords, which the Aztec called macuahuitl and the Maya called Jatz'ab. They were flat wooden clubs, edged with pieces of razor-snarp obsidian stone. The last example of this weapon that survived the conquest of Mexico was at the Royal Armory of Madrid, until a fire destroyed it in 188*N On one of the Maya swords you can see glyphs that read, u jatz'ab tab waxak koj k'uhul ajaw peten chan. It means, "This is the sword of Tab Waxak Kob, Lord of Potonchan." The Spanish used a variety of swords categorized as cut-and-thrust weapons. During this period some of the best swords in the world were made in Toledo, Spain. These swords were known not just for their exceptionally high-quality steel, but also for their design and ergonomics. "Buluc Chabtan, give us strength..." Buluc Chabtan is a Maya god of war and death. The god is usually portrayed in the act of burning ana demolishing houses, stabbing people, and tnen roasting them over a Are. The god gets his due in the end, according to the Dresden codex, which shows him being eaten by maggots after death. "Blezzed Mother, protect us..." The Blessed Mother is Mary of Nazareth, a Galilean Jew who at the age of 15 was divinely impregnated by the Hebrew god, Yahweh. She gave birth to Jesus, who became known to Christians as the Son of God. PAGE TWELVE "Damn shoe!" Bernal Diaz witnessed Cortes losing his shoe in the mud. It was a whimsical detail not included in Francisco Gomara's more reverent recounting of the first amphibious military assault on the American continent. "Bring up the falconets and arquebu^e*..." Falconets are a classification of light cannon, which were sometimes decorated with bird-of-prey designs. Arquebuses are muzzle-loaded smoothbore firearms with a matchlock firing action, a predecessor to the musket. PAGE FOURTEEN "Great Coy opal" Coyopa is a Mayan weather deity. Puring storms it's Coyopa that producer thunder, while hi-s brother Cakulha -sends down lightning bolts. "Nacom, we can't take this battering for long" In times of war, a Maya chief would appoint a captain to coordinate military operations-creating tne rank of general, or Nacom. Gonzalo Guerrero, the castaway who refused to return to the Spaniards with Jeronimo Aguilar, had worked nis way up to a rank of Nacom. Tne Nacom was a respectea figure, and every year there was a celebration in his honor. "War captains, called Nacom, were treated with great pomp as an idol in a temple, and sat with burning incense for five days, where they ate and drank the gifts that were offered in the temple, and danced a dance step to war..." "t/s/ of things of Yucatan, Pi ego de L-anda "I'd thought they'd scatter in fear" The Spaniards were surprised by the Maya's fearlessness toward cannon and guns, especially since the technology was totally unknown in Mexico. Gomara writes about tnis momentous use of cannon in America: The Maya heard "a fearful noise, something they had never before experienced, but tney did not abandon the wall or the defense, even though they died; rather they bravely faced the blows of their enemies, whom indeed they would have successfully stood off if they had not been attacked from the rear." PAGE FIFTEEN "Saint James/" James was one of the twelve disciples of Jesus and is the patron saint of Spain. He died in hrhr A.P., but in the fictional 9th-century Battle of Clavijo, James is said to have suddenly appeared and led outnumbered Christian soldiers to victory against a Muslim army. James henceforth became known as the Moor-killer, and "Saint James and strike for Spain!" became the battle cry of Christian Spanish armies: "Santiago!"
PAGE SIXTEEN "Kill iheir commander!" At this point in the battle. Bernal Diaz describes this order given in the Maya language as almost a kind of chant. PAGE SEVENTEEN "Search the houses for gold!" Francisco Gomara recounts how the Spaniards searched unsuccessfully for fold. Friar Bartolomé Las Casas adds that the Spaniards were upset about , "a circumstance which gave them no particular satisfaction." PAGE EIGHTEEN Cortes' ceremony» involving three cuts in the ceiba tree to take possession of the town» is remembered by Diaz» who also noted that Governor Velasquez' men were displeased that Cortes failed to mention their sponsor. PAGE NINETEEN "Thanks for the 'Suggestion, Diaz." Pedrarias Davila, a Knight from Segovia who commanded the largest Spanisn expedition sent to America at the time, was the first to cut notches in a tree during a declaration of possession in the Americas. Upon his arrival at Colombia, in 151*h Davila performed a ritualistic act of cutting three notches into a large tree. Historian Hugh Thomas suggests Bernal Diaz witnessed this android it to Cortes. When Jeronimo Luis de Cabrera founded Cordoba, Argentina, in 1573, he famously continued the tree-notching tradition. "...a few hundred Indians..." Conquistadors Diego Vargas and "The Foundation of Cordoba" Panflo Navarez put the number of Maya ty Petar Svjetlo-sak dead at 300, and Gomara suggests ¿t-OO. Native sources say up to 2,000 Maya were killed. "...land the horses." Bernal Diaz describe« the physical and character traits of Cortes' principals, such as Ordaz's stammer, and Sandoval's profanity. Diaz also provides the names of six of the sixteen horses their expedition brought to Mexico: • Cabeza de Moro (Moor's Head) • El Rey (The King) • Cola Corta (Short-Tail) • Arriero (Mule-Driver) • Motilla (a Spanish term for a fortified village) • Roldanillo (little Roland, named after Charlemagne's legendary knight) Andalusian stallion "central world tree." It's a symbolic axis mundi that connects the underworld and the sky with the terrestrial realm, where it's represented by a ceiba tree. Illustration of an Izapa stone carving depicting a World Tree PAee TWENTY "The Pillar of the World...' Wacah Chan is a Mayan "...kidnapped last year." During tne Grijalva expedition of 1518, several Maya were kidnapped and enslaved by the Spaniards. One of the Maya, christened Melchior by his captors, learned some rudimentary Spanish. Cortes didn't realize that Melchior could barely interpret languages of tne Yucatan only, and that this limitation would be a problem when the expedition reached Mexico. "We have three regiment6..." Gomara states that **-0,000 Maya warriors confronted the Spaniards. Joan de Caceres, who was Cortes1 majordomo, says 30,000. But tne pragmatic Diaz provides a number of 2**-,000. Mexican regiments usually consisted of 8,000 men, and three regiments would align with Diaz's figure. "...they won't he positioned for battle until the day after tomorrow." Potonchan's Nacom had to assemble an army from far-flung locales via jungle trails. Organizing such a large force in just a couple of days is an astounding feat.
Potonchan and Cintla Our «tory depicts two battle« that took place near the «tart of Corte«' expedition» which are often pa««ed over in hi«torical account« becau«e they occurred before the Spaniard« even reached Aztec-controlled territory. The«e battle« were military mile«tone« for the Spaniard«: the first amphibiou« a««ault, and the fir«t u«e of cavalry in the hi«toru of the America«. But the mo«t «ignificant re«ult wa« the tribute given by tne defeated Maya. Spaniard« were given gold» jewel«, rich textile«, and twenty girl«. Among the girl« wa« a Nahua teen named Malinali. She would be baptized a« Marina and become crucial to the «ucce«« of the Spani«h concjue«t. She'« now known a« la Malinche, the mo«t controversial woman in Mexican hi«tory. Pa««ing over event« in the Yucatan al«o «¡de«tep« the problematic way that Malinche enter« the «tory. Many account« barely mention the fact that Corte« had a native tran«lator, let alone explain that «he'« a «lave. □rdas artillery Pntnnchan BHTTLE5 OF PDTDnCHHn Be CinTLH 1519 march 51 march Ruila nFantry LDrtE5 artillery 5PRni5H FORCES Cartes caualry Tabasco RiUET march 55 mRVR FORCES r Hint ki nmetres In both baiile-s, Potonchan and Cintla, Cortes used the tactic of -supporting a frontal attack with a -simultaneous rear or flanking attack. In each case, the supporting attack arrived late. Here's the Battle of Potonchan as described by eyewitness Bernal Diaz*. "They completely surrounded us with their canoes, and shot off their arrows so quickly, that many of us were soon wounded. We were compelled for a time to fight up to our waists, and sometimes even higher, in the water. The place where we were trying to land was disadvantageous, for the ground was made of mud and clay, in which it was impossible to move quickly. Cortes himself, while fighting in this way, was obliged to leave one of his shoes stuck in the mud in order to get on firm land. "We had all, indeed, hard work to do before we could gain the dry ground; but having once obtained this, we fell furiously upon our enemies. They immediately drew themselves up in order of battle behind the wood ana the trees they had cut down. Here they made an obstinate resistance, until we likewise drove them from this place. The battle continued until our progress was impeded by another barricade of fallen trees, defended by a fresh set of men. Here the conflict was continued with renewed obstinacy, the Indians incessantly crying out: kill the commander-in-chief. "While we were thus busily engaged, Alonso de Avila appeared with his men. He had been delayed by the boggy terrain. With our united troops, we now beat the Indians; though, like brave warriors, they set vigorously upon us with their arrows and lances. Nor did they show us their backs, until we had forced our way into a large courtyard, adjoining which were spacious apartments and halls. Here also stood three temples, but the Indians had carried away all the religious implements. The enemy being now put to flight, Cortes ordered his men to halt, that we might take formal possession of the country, in the name of his Majesty." GULF □ F m E !■! IC RPRIL eu RDUTE of CDRTE5 1519 IT1RRCH * ipotonchan Cintla mRRCH 9 VUCRTHfl Chactemai mRRCH • 5 mHYR ¿ FRDm CUBR mRRCH 13 mo 200hm __i ~r lOOmi
Francisco Gomara, was Cories' chaplain and secratary. He wrote the first history of Cortes in 1552, with the assistance of the conqueror himself. Here is an excerpt describing events following the Battle of Potonchan. "After fighting with the inhabitants, none remained in the town but the dead and the prisoners. The rest, who were few, abandoned the place and took refuge in the surrounding woods, joining their women who were already there. "The Spaniards search the houses and found little, only some maize, turkeys, and a few cotton things, but no sign of gold. The town had been defended by no more than *f-00 warriors, and a great deal of Indian blood had been spilled because they fought naked. Many were wounded but a few were captured, and the dead went uncounted. "Cortes and his men took up their quarters in the temples of the idols, where there was room for all of them because they had courtyards and several large apartments. There they slept well that night, but under a heavy guard, for they were in the enemy's house. The Indians, however, did not molest them. "And that is how Potonchan was taken, the first city Cortes won by force of arms in his expedition and conquest." A 76th century illustration, by an unknown artist, shows the Spaniards disembarking in Potonchan. Seen in the center of the image is Potonchan's sacred World Tree. Also seen is Malinali interpreting between a Tabasco lord and some Spaniards.
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