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How many fighters did the local« manage to assemble? March 25 House of Parts, the Triple Alliance's central armory in Tenochtitlan. Then what? Master Tepehua, it is confirmed: today the Maya confront the strangers. It is said there are 600 invaders, if so, the Maya have a 16-to-1 advantage. And gifts will be brought. All glory to thee, who snail be clothed in a gown of gold. Thou art beautiful above all others; therefore thy God hath anointed thee with the oil of joy. Forget thy people. The king gre desires thy beauty, for he is tne thy God, and shall be adored Hearken, 0 daughter: The Spanish’occupied Maya city of Potonchan Another cycle of invasion next year. And each time, there are more of them-. Hear the town of Cintla, 6km southwest of Potonchan. Thank you for your blessing Ah K'in. As Kinich Ahau shines down on you so may the gods of war favor your cause: a victory for you, Nacom. For ours is sorely threatened. Aztec Empire 21
Once we're on the field, I'm certain we'll face a flank attack by a -second force. Nacom, our recon force« couldn't -slow down the enemy. Everyone watch out for that. Here they come! QCÑ X/w) 00(1 Move the archer« out from the tree line. Sound the trumpet«. We'll overwhelm them. Almo-st there-an other ten meter-s! A dozen cannon-s are hauled -several kilometer-s through den-se jungje. You haven't -seen their weapon-s yet, Both -side-s have moved their fbrce-s to what each believe-s i-s the be-st ground. The-se -savage-s iall ta-ste the lance« cavalry, and will have their fill of it! The invader-s have taken the bait, and they'll now fall into our net. It give« Maya advantage or their -superior number-s, and Spaniard« advantage for their hor«e«. A fallow farming field outside Cint Aztec Empire 22
6eventy 6paniards are wounded in the fir-st wave of the Maya attack. Orozco is out of tl For 6aint Peter's sake, secure that cannon! • 1 1 * • 1 O l -\/ -J 4>| V s7 Aztec Empire in 23
It is the thunder ^. i of Copoya! M The«e zani creature« are «tai bunched together~ti ea«y target«! Any word from our flank«? 6end an order-throw up dirt and gra«« to ob«cure their vi«ion. ^ Either thi« i« not their entire force» or our informant wa« wrong. ^ m*B2T fi Well» the informant wa« right about one thing: it'll take a war c attrition to defeat them. Victory will come only at great co«t. Tell our next wave to keep their di«tance from the enemy1« «word«. U«e «pear« and «ling« if we can’t get clo«e enough for «word« or club«. Zh- Aztec Empire
Ordaz! look-* they ‘re keeping their di-stance from fear of our -swords. We should charge them, the way they do u-s! Large wave-s of Maya pre-s-s the -smaller 6pani-sh force together, making artillery fire difficult. t Th-that'-s a ffbol's idea, Diaz! Th-the enemu'-s numbers are so vast th-that every -single m; of us would have to take on t 300 of them at-at once! We have to endure th-thi-s until that d-damned dog Corte-s arrive-s with hi-s f fboli-sh idea of -strategy! Tapia, when can we expect a miracle? 6aint Oame-s him-self ha-s come to an-swer uou! Aztec Empire Calm yourself and report. mis-shapen trying to describe Ml W N Nacom! Creatures- 1 9 1 vA\\Wu demons approach! , A m * \ V V \ v w ✓” \ w rn m . _ Enemy approaching 25
It is the first time anyone on this continent has -seen a horse, let alone a human riding one, for more than 10,000 years. Captain Frand-sco Morla is charging the enemy on an Andalusian stallion. Both rider and horse are experienced in combat Aztec Empire A cavalryman like Morla can u-se -subtle -signal-s to nimbly maneuver the thou-sand-pound animal within a few -square metersi with -startling -speed. He choreograph« hi« weapon -strike-s with the hor«e'« movements, making it look like the two being« are linked. The dance of a deadly centaur. They've.- conjoined them-selve-s with a-, giant breed of deer? gs „ ^ lr\W i \ 1 (V
Don't repeat your thrust-don't give them a chance to grab your spear! Morla joins them in a flanking attack on the Maua. Onward for 6od and 6aint Peter are with us! 6pearmen, aim for their heads! The thunder of horse hooves, and the shrilling of many bells on their harnesses, add a strange new furor as they charge into the fray. look for yourself, 6aldana! It /s Cortes! The cavalry is here at last! Ha! Tintorero, we're- ¡1 Aztec Empire 27
And -so begins the first cavalry attack in the Americas—ever. The effect is immediate and devastating. Our men are no match (or their war-beasts! VICTORY! Our prayers to the Holy Virgin Mary are answered! Withdraw- WITHDRAW! 100 Spaniards are injured, but only two are killed in combat. 800 Maya warriors are left dead or dying on the battlefield. Aztec Empire ■ im / 1 I ¡\y r) fm » IliA, 111 mill Ifa n\) \\( Vi tv ✓ / 'o '9 1 ry ^—' n^A A
Then he gave me -some blue bead«. If we take to the * battlefield tomorrow» we'll lo«e hundred« more men» with little chance . of victory. ^ Then peace it «hall be. Prepare A««emble an a delegation. array of gift«, fowl, ■fell' vai/6 fi-sh, bread, and PT i //^ women. a They are a powerful {oe We needn't ive them our own aughter«. There'll be no political . marriage«. M -I wa« captured, but the enemy leader relea«ed me to convey thi« me««age: if our chief doe« not meet with him and negotiate a peace, then he will further invade our land« and de«troy, burn, «poil* and kill all he encounter«, armed or unarmed, women and children. Tapia, join me in prayer that their chieftain fear« our ultimatum enough to make peace, or tomorrow we repeat the endeavor« of thi« day. C'mon, Gomez, you're gonna help me with that. 6top pulling rank, brother! Jorge, the hor«e'« wound« need to be dre««ed with melted fat. Cut «ome from the dead bodie« of the Indian«. It wa« 6aini James who appeared among u«, Captain! He gave u« victory, a« he did at Clavijo again«t I like to think it may have been my own protector, 6aint Peter.
Well, princess, «since you are unsuitable for field labor, and too haughty for house services, I have another role for you-which you have some experience with. m Where is Malmali? Little weed! Present yourself. In the kitchen, my lady. As part of a ^ peace offering, you shall be provided for services to the _ invaders. A gang of putrid brutes, I'm told. It's like the 6ong ^ of the Women of Chaleo: Take off your skirts and spread your lege for * Ihoee who el ink. This girl, Malinali, is the key to the downfall of the great Mexica Triple Alliance. It will remind you that having a regal bearing gets you nowhere without a regal ^ patron. 6he will become the most controversial figure in all of Mexican history. I could just as easily have you layed in the name c the maize god. Put this ribbon in your hair, and see the gardener for a necklace of flowers. 60 get yourself 1. decorated But, I'm merciful. You will keep your skin. 6he is eighteen years old. Aztec Empire 30
AZTEC EMPIRE NOTES FOR EPI60PE THREE PAGE TWENTY-ONE "There are 500 stranger's." The total number of Spaniards in Mexico was 600. There were about 100 sailors and 500 fighting men» ^00 of whom were brought to bear against the Maya on March Zb. A hundred of Cortes' fighting men were posted to hold Pontonchan» wounded from previous battle, or sick. "Master Tepehua..." Tepehua is the Tlacochcalcatl, or "Master of the House of Darts"~an Aztec equivalent to a member of the U.6. Joint Chiefs of Staff. "Hearken, 0 daughter..." This sermon is Psalm ^5, which is used in the Annunciation to the Holy Virgin Mary. It recounts how Mary was told by a solicitous angel that god thought her the most beautiful woman in the world, that she would get gifts and a gold dress, be courted by the rich, and become eternally famous for being his supernal son's mother. Friar Olmedo's mass was probably recited in Latin, which means only a handful of Spaniards would have understood even half of it. Cortes' notary, Piego Godoy used Latin in his profession. Cortes knew some Latin from his (aw studies, as did his friend Alonzo Portocarrero, who had a formal education. Bartolomé Olmedo was a friar with the Royal, Celestial and Military Order of Our Lady of Mercy, a Catholic religious order founded in 1218 with the goal of freeing Christians held captive by Muslims. Known as Mercedarians, tney are dedicated to the ideal of doing good deeds without expecting any return. Their mercy mission was buying or bartering, even trading their own lives, for Christian prisoners and slaves. The Mercedarians were the most tolerant order of the Catholic Church, unusually so during the height of the Spanish Inquisition, which had eleven tribunals active at tne time of the conquest. *—for ours is sorely threatened..." Small companies of Spanish -soldiers had been -sent oui from Potonchan on foraging minion« ihe day before. They ran inio hostile Maya» killing a half-dozen, but took injuries and reireaied back to Potonchan. Kinich Ahau is the Mayan -sun god. Ah K#in is the title of a town's head priest. PAGE TWENTY-TWO "A dozen cannons are hauled several kilometers..." It was no small feat to drag along a weapon that weighed 80 kilos. This type of gun, classified as a light cannon, was called a falconet. It fired a half-kilo round shot at a range of over 1,500 meters. Measurements in meters are used here for a modern audience. During the 16th century, the equivalent measurement unit used by Spaniards would have been a vara. PAGE TWENTY-THREE The Spaniards used a weapon called an arquebus or harquebus. These guns began as triggerless hand cannons, defensive weapons mounted on battlements in the early 15th century, but by the end of the century had become handheld firearms. When a matchlock mechanism was added, around 1^75, the arquebus became the first firearm with a trigger. The smoothbore matchlock arquebus is considered the forerunner of rifles and other long gun firearms. Arquebus PAGE TWENTY-FOUR "These zani creatures..." Zani is a trickster character from the Italian commedia delirarte theatre style, going back to the 1frth century. The character's look evolved into the Harlequin by the 16th century, and the original name became the basis for the word "zany." Zani
PAGE TWENTY-FIVE "The enemy*s numbers are so vast..." Piego Ordaz imagined he confronted 3001 odds, but in fact the odds were closer to 20-1. The Spanish put just over ^00 men on the field, and the Maya numbered 8,000. Bernal Piaz recalls arguing over -strategy with the -stammering and hyperbolic Ordaz during the heat of battle. Piaz also claims he did eventually use his rejected tactic of charging the enemy, and got some of the Mayan force to retreat to an edge of the field. This is possibly a classic infantryman's exaggeration that plays down any idea of the cavalry's arrival as having "rescued" them. "6aini James himself has come..." Cortes' biographer Francisco Gomara writes that the first cavalryman to arrive was, miraculously, the 5th-century Christian warrior 6t. James on a dapple-grey horse. But Bernal Piaz, who was there, mocks Gomara's supernatural claim with this sarcastic admission*. "Perhaps on account of my sins, I was unworthy to behold it." Piaz identified Francisco Morla on a chestnut-colored horse, and adds that if it had beena saint, then evidence would have been taken and a church built at the site. Piaz disparages Gomara's divine embellishment: "if what Gomara relates is true, then we must have been bad Christians not to have paid greater respect to the assistance which God sent us in the person of his holy apostle, and not thank him daily for it in his own church. I must confess that I never heard of this wonder mentioned before reading his book, nor have I ever heard any of the conquistadors speak of it who were at the battle." PAGE TWENTY-SIX "It is the first time anyone on the continent has seen a horse, let alone a human riding one, for more than 70,000 years." Just think about that for a moment. PAGE TWENTY-SEVEN "бреагтеп, aim for the head!" Cortex' order was outside ihe usual pole-weapon techniques typical of the era» which was to aim for the torso. Cortes recognized that bunched foot soldiers without helmets were susceptible to such tactics. Piaz recalls Saldana being hit directly in the ear with an arrow. It probably killed him instantly. PAGE TWENTY-EIGHT "...one hundred 6paniards are injured" Piaz has the most specific numbers for the battle (as one would guess at this point). PAGE TWENTY-NINE "...dressed with melted fat." Piaz provides the gruesome details of attending wounded horses. "...kill all he encounters," Gomara reports Cortes' specific warning to the envoys of Potonchan. They are a variation on the graphic threats (aid out in the Reyuerimiento, Spain^s legal justification for conquest of the New World. "...gave me some blue beads." Piaz recorded the detail of Cortes sending the envoys off with blue colored glass beads, presumably as a symbol to illustrate his peace offer. "We need not give them our own daughters." The losing side of a war in ancient Mexico would traditionally present daughters of their lords to the enemy. This was done to help reinforce peace with alliances through marriage. In this particular situation, with unknown foreign adversaries, such politics didn't enter the equation. Women were merely presented as gifts for sexual gratification. Depiction of an Aztec marriage from the Codex Mendoza.
"...as he did at Clavijo against the Muelimei" The Battle of Clavijo was known to every conquistador as a 9th-century battle between Muslims and Christians in which the apostle 6aint James suddenly appeared and led a badly outnumbered Spanish army to victory. For centuries, tne Spanish battle cry was "Saint James," Santiago1. What Cortes and his men did not know was that the Battle of Clavijo was a 12th century fiction. It was created to bolster a financial claim made in a forged document presented to the Catholic Archdiocese of Santiago de Compostela. Historian Jean Mitchell-Lanham notes, "While this event is based on legend, the supposed battle has provided one of the strongest ideological icons in the Spanish national identify." "... my own protector: Saint Peter." Gomara writes, "Cortes would rather it have been 6aint Peter, his special advocate." PAGE THIRTY "Little weed..." The noblewoman is deriding the name of her slave, Malinali, which is taken from the Nahuatl word for "grass." 6upposed(y, Malinali got her name from being born on the 12th day of the monfh, "grass-day." Actually, no record of this girl's Indigenous name exists. "Malinau" is a modern speculation. "...having a regal bearing..." All witnesses to Malinafi's personality testify to her noticeably regal quality. Those who gave up slaves to the Spaniards would have picked problematic ones. Self-assurance is problematic in a slave. The 6ong of the Women of Chaleo, written in 1^79 by Acpauhtzin, is an erotic tale of a prostitute. It's also a metaphor about the Aztec's triumph over rival Chalcans. Interpreter Miguel leon-Portilla describes the women in the poem challenging the Aztec emperor to "a battle in which only the most highly sexually endowed could hope to win. The war is transformed into an erotic siege... like the Catholic Psalm *t-5, read on the Pay of the Holy Virgin Mary, Women of Chaleo was often quoted in marriage ceremonies. Detail of a Diego Rivera mural showing an Aztec prostitute "6he is eighteen years old." Malinali was about 16 years old, but for the purposes of this series I am making ner 18.
Bernal Piaz describes the Baiile of Cintla: "The Indiana were in -such vast numbers ihai they completely filled the bean fields, and immediately fell upon us on all sides at once, like furious dogs. Their attack was so impetuous, that more than seventy of our men were wounded in no time. One man, named 6a(dana, was struck by an arrow in the ear and instantly dropped down dead. "With fury they rushed at us with their pikes, at the same time pouring forth showers of arrows, and continually wounding our men. However, we fully repaid them with our crossbows, muskets, and heavy cannon, cutting right ana (eft among them with our swords. We forced them to give ground a little, but only that tney might shower forth their arrows at a greater distance, where they thought themselves more secure from our arms. Even then our artilleryman Mesa made terrible havoc among them, standing as they did crowded together and within reach of the cannon, so that he could fire among them to his heart's content. Notwithstanding the destruction we caused among their ranks, we could not put them to flight. "All this time Cortes still remained behind with the cavalry, though we greatly longed for that reinforcement: we began to fear that some misfortune might also have befallen him. I shall never forget the piping and yelling which the Indians set up at every shot we fired, and how they sought to hide their loss from us by tossing up earth and straw into the air, making a terrible noise with their drums and trumpets, and their war-whoops. Illustration from the Lienzo de Tlaxcala "In one of these moments, Cortes came galloping up with the horses. Our enemies, being busily engaged with us, did not immediately observe this, so that our cavalry easily dashed in among them from behind. The nature of the ground was c^uite favorable for its maneuvers; most of the horses being moreover, powerful and fiery animals, our small body of cavalry in every way maae the best use of their weapons. When we, who were already hotly engaged with the enemy, espied our cavalry, we fought with renewed energy; while the latter, by attacking from the rear, now forced the enemy to turn around. The Indians, who had never seen horses before, could not think otherwise than that horse and rider were one body. Quite astounded at this novel sight, they quitted the plain and retreated to higher ground." The Entrance of Hernán Cortes into the City of Tabasco Artist Unknown, Oil on Canvas, 120 x 200 cm, 7Qth Century
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